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Performing a system optimization that involves a large number of design variables and computationally expensive analysis is possible but not always practically feasible. As a solution, the optimization process can be made more efficient if the designers can analyze the problem characteristics a priori and use the information to reduce the problem complexity.

Developing technologies to reduce emissions from these sources is essential for controlling atmospheric levels of CO2 because of the widespread reliance on coal as an inexpensive and abundant energy source. This framework provides the means to link the various modules together in order to provide a holistic, systems perspective of plant wide operations. Results of analyses and optimization scenarios performed with the framework are also presented.

Industrial halls are characterized by their relatively high roof-to-floor ratio, which facilitates ready deployment of renewable energy generation, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, on the rooftop. This paper performs a cost–benefit analysis in which the monetary return due to electricity generation of PV system is stacked against the annualized cost of the PV system investment.

The aim of this paper was to investigate whether the optimum solution changed if the runner accelerated during a stride. The simulations showed that there is very little change in optimum design angle.